Table of Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Part I Structure and Development

Chapter 1. Anatomy, Morphology, and Development

I. Introduction

II. Anatomy of the Thallus

III. Morphology of the Thallus

IV. Vegetative Structures and Their Development

V. Influence of Fungus and Alga on the Habit of the Lichen

VI. Influence of Fruiting Bodies on the Development of Thallus Tissues

References

Chapter 2. Sexual Reproduction

I. Ascolichens

II. Basidiolichens

References

Chapter 3. Systematic Evaluation of Morphological Characters

I. Introduction

II. Systematic Criteria

III. Modifiability and Its Taxonomic Significance

References

Chapter 4. Lichen Propagules

I. Introduction

II. Vegetative Propagules

III. Sexual Propagules

References

Chapter 5. Fine Structure

I. Introduction

II. Cellular Structure of the Lichenized Symbionts

III. Symbiotic Relationship between Fungus and Alga

IV. Thallus Layers and Surface Structures as Viewed with SEM

V. Some Aspects of Changes in Ultrastructure Due to Ecological Conditions

VI. Conclusions

References

Part II Physiology of the Intact Thallus

Chapter 6. Absorption and Accumulation of Mineral Elements and Radioactive Nuclides

I. Introduction

II. Metal Content of Lichens

III. Concentration and Retention of Radionuclides

IV. Uptake and Translocation of Cations

References

Chapter 7. Pedogenetic Significance of Lichens

I. Introduction

II. Biogeophysical Weathering

III. Biogeochemical Weathering

IV. Plant Succession and Soil Development

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 8. Photosynthesis and Carbohydrate Movement

I. Introduction

II. Photosynthesis by the Intact Lichen

III. Interactions between Lichen Symbionts

IV. The Mobile Carbohydrate and Its Release

V. Fate of the Transferred Carbohydrate

VI. Carbohydrate Movement between the Symbionts

VII. Conclusions

References

Chapter 9. Nitrogen Metabolism

I. Introduction

II. Chemical and Biochemical Analyses of Whole Thalli

III. Assimilation of Combined Nitrogen

IV. Fixation of Elementary Nitrogen

V. Translocation of Nitrogen Compounds between the Symbionts

VI. The Relationship of Lichens to Other Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Systems

References

Part III Environmental Response and Effects

Chapter 10. Response to Extreme Environments

I. Introduction

II. Determination of Viability and Resistance

III. Responses to Environmental Stresses

IV. Extreme Habitats of Lichens

V. Conclusions

References

Chapter 11. Water Relations

I. Introduction

II. Water Absorption

III. Mechanism of Water Absorption and Water Conduction to the Thallus

IV. Water Contents of Thalli

V. Water Loss

VI. Conclusions

References

Chapter 12. Substrate Ecology

I. Introduction

II. Practical Aspects

III. Substrate Factors

IV. The Lichen-Substrate Interface

V. The Effect of Lichens on Their Substrate

VI. Substrate Specificity

VII. Substrates and Speciation

VIII. Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 13. Lichens and Air Pollution

I. Historical

II. Lichen Deserts

III. Causes of Lichen Deserts

IV. Effect of Environment

V. Biological Estimation of Air Pollution

References

Chapter 14. Growth

I. Introduction

II. Techniques of Measuring Growth

III. Growth Rates and Life History

IV. Conclusions

References

Part IV Secondary Metabolic Products

Chapter 15. Nature of Lichen Substances

I. Introduction

II. Structure of Lichen Substances

References

Chapter 16. Biosynthesis of Lichen Substances

I. Introduction

II. Biosynthesis

III. Conclusion: The State of the Problem

References

Chapter 17. Antibiotics in Lichens

I. Folklore

II. Pharmacopoeias

III. Lichen Substances

IV. Pharmacological Studies

V. Antibiotics in Lichens

References

Part V Symbiont Interactions

Chapter 18. Resynthesis of Lichens

V. Ahmadjian

I. Introduction

II. Developmental Stages of Synthesis

III. Physiological Relationships between the Symbionts

IV. Lichens Synthesized in Laboratory Cultures

V. Factors that Influence Synthesis

VI. Conclusions

References

Chapter 19. Evolutionary Aspects of Symbiosis

I. Introduction

II. Symbiosis in Retrospect

III. Symbiosis Achieved

IV. Symbiosis in Prospect

References

Appendix A. Classification

I. Early Lichen System

II. Parasitic Lichens, Parasymbionts, and Lichen Parasites

III. Lichenized and Nonlichenized Fungi

IV. Taxomomic Categories in Lichenology

V. Proposed Classification: Ascolichens

VI. Proposed Classification: Basidiolichens

VII. Lichenes Imperfecti

References

Appendix B. Identification and Isolation of Lichen Substances

I. Identification without Previous Isolation

II. Isolation

III. Identification after Previous Isolation

References

Appendix C. Methods of Isolating and Culturing Lichen Symbionts and Thalli

I. Fungal Symbiont

II. Algal Symbiont

III. Lichen Thallus

References

Author Index

Taxonomic Index

Subject Index