Table of Contents

Contents: Introduction; The Credal Formula: On the pre-history of the credal formula ’There is no god but God’, Rudolf Macuch; On the genesis and development of the Twelver-Shi’i Three-tenet Shahadah, Joseph Eliash. Prayer: The sabbath institution in Islam, Ignaz Goldziher; On the history of Muslim worship, C.H. Becker; The origin of the Muslim laws of ritual purity, A.J. Wensinck; The development of the Adhan and Iqama of the Salat in early Islam, I.K.A. Howard; Morning and evening prayers in early Islam, Uri Rubin. Fasting: Fasting in Islam and Judaism, Georges Vajda; Ramadan, the Muslim month of fasting, S.D. Goitein; The Tawwabun, atonement and ’Ashura’, G.R. Hawting. Alms: On the institution of Zakat, C. Snouck Hurgronje; Charity and social service in medieval Islam, Norman A. Stillman; Zakat in Imami Shi’i jurisprudence, from the 10th to the 16th century A.D., Norman Calder. Pilgrimage: The Mecca feast, C. Snouck Hurgronje; The religious dialectics of the Hadjdj, Hava Lazarus-Yafeh. General Considerations: Islamic duties in history, Ulrich Haarmann; Muslim festivals, Hava Lazarus-Yafeh; The flagellations of Muharram and the Shi’ite ’Ulama', Werner Ende; Islam in the mirror of ritual, William A. Graham. General index.