Born in Illinois, Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) was one of the notable American authors of the 20th century. With the publication of his novel The Sun Also Rises (1926), he was established as a principal spokesman of the “lost generation” of American expatriates in post–World War I Paris. Writing in a straightforward, succinct style, Hemingway concentrated on brave people living necessary, daring lives. His other major novels include A Farewell to Arms (1929), a heartbreaking wartime love story, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), based on an episode in the Spanish civil war, in which he was a correspondent. He is also renowned for his spirited short stories, e.g., “The Killers” and “The Snows of Kilimanjaro.” In 1945 he settled in Cuba, where he wrote the novella The Old Man and the Sea (1952; Pulitzer). His other writings include the nonfiction works Death in the Afternoon (1932) and Green Hills of Africa (1935). In 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. He later moved to Idaho, where, afflicted by illness, he committed suicide.