Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Part I: Physical Environment 2. The Envelope: Physical Parameters and Energy State 3. Substrate: The Active Role of Rock, Mud, and Sand 4. Water Composition: Management of Salinity, Hardness, and Evaporation 5. The Input of Solar Energy: Lighting Requirements 6. The Input of Organic Energy: Particulates and Feeding

Part II : Biochemical Environment 7. Metabolism: Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Biological Loading 8. Organisms and Gas Exchange: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, pH, and Alkalinity 9. The Primary Nutrients—Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silica: Limitation and Eutrophication 10. Biomineralization and Calcification: A Key to Biosphere and Ecosystem Function 11. Control of the Biochemical Environment: Filters, Bacteria, and the Algal Turf Scrubber

Part III: Biological Structure 12. Community Structure: Biodiversity in Model Ecosystems 13. Trophic Structure: Ecosystems and the Dynamics of Food Chains 14. Primary Producers: Plants That Grow on the Bottom 15. Herbivores: Predators of Plants and Omnivores, Predators of Plants and Animals 16. Carnivores: Predators of Animals 17. Plankton and Planktivores: Floating Plants and Animals and Their Predators 18. Detritus and Detritivores: The Dynamics of Muddy Bottoms 19. Symbionts and Other Feeders

Part IV: Ecological Systems in Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Aquaria 20. Models of Coral Reef Ecosystems 21. A Subarctic/Boreal Microcosm: Test of a Biogeographic Model 22. Estuaries: Ecosystem Modeling and Restoration: Where Fresh and Salt Waters Interact 23. Freshwater Ecosystem Models

Part V: The Environment and Ecological Engineering 24. Organisms and Natural Products: Commercial Ecosystem Culture 25. Large Scale Water Quality Management with Solar Energy Capture

Part VI: Summary 26. Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Macrocosms: Building and Restoring Ecosystems: A Synthesis